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Figure 2 Both insoluble fibrils and soluble A oligomers exert potent neurotoxicity by forming plaques and triggering pathological cascades, including synaptic failure, excitotoxicity, changes in membrane permeability, and chronic inflammation ( A hallmark of early AD is systemic impairment of cerebral energy metabolism (304)

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Overall signal: Reviews summarize broad preclinical benefits but emphasize minimal human data and the need for trials before clinical adoption

6: Initial-rate kinetics of multi-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 335373 (Elsevier, 2010)

To address these limitations, future research should focus on several key areas

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